Ajuste y adaptación psicosocial de adultos jóvenes supervivientes de un cáncer en etapa pediátrica: Revisión sistemática / Psychosocial adjustment and adaptation in young adults surviving pediatric cancer: A systematic review

Introducción: Los efectos a largo plazo de tumores en la infancia pueden alterar la trayectoria de adaptación y ajuste psicosocial de los supervivientes en etapas de vida posteriores. Objetivo: Esta revisión sistemática se centra en analizar las experiencias de crecimiento postraumático, estrés postraumático, malestar emocional y dificultades psicosociales sufridas por jóvenes adultos supervivientes a un cáncer en etapa pediátrica. Resultados: Los resultados sugieren una trayectoria mayoritaria que podría definirse como adaptativa, en la que se observa tanto crecimiento postraumático (prevalencia superior al 60%), como síntomas de estrés postraumático (prevalencia inferior al 30%). No obstante, en comparación con población control no oncológica, estos supervivientes tienen mayor riesgo de padecer síntomas de ansiedad y depresión, de alcanzar menores logros educativos y profesionales, y de permanecer solteros o vivir solos, lo que se hipotetiza que podría estar relacionado con las secuelas de cada tipo de tumor y tratamiento, y no únicamente con la vivencia de la enfermedad. Conclusiones: La atención a jóvenes adultos supervivientes a un cáncer pediátrico debería centrarse en proporcionar mayor apoyo médico y psicosocial a largo plazo, a través del abordaje interdisciplinar y la atención centrada en la persona, como aproximación que favorezca una trayectoria de ajuste adaptativa.(AU)

Introduction: Long-term effects of childhood tumors can alter the trajectory of adjustment and psychosocial adjustment of survivors later in life. Purpose: This systematic review focuses on analyzing the experiences of posttraumatic growth, posttraumatic stress, emotional distress, and psychosocial difficulties experienced by young adult survivors of pediatric cancer. Results: The results suggest a more prevalent trajectory that could be conceptualize as adaptive, in which both post-traumatic growth (prevalence greater than 50%) and post-traumatic stress symptoms (prevalence less than 30%) are observed. However, compared to the non-oncology control population, these survivors are at higher risk for anxiety and depressive symptoms, lower educational and occupational attainment, and remaining single or living alone, which is hypothesized to be related to the sequelae of each tumor type and treatment, and not just the disease experience. Conclusions: Care for young adult survivors of pediatric cancer should focus on providing enhanced long-term medical and psychosocial support through an interdisciplinary approach and person-centered care as an approach that supports a trajectory of adaptive adjustment.(AU)

Inclusión y adaptación en la Educación Física: estrategias para la participación de estudiantes con discapacidades

La unión de la teoría y la práctica es crucial para una enseñanza equitativa, además se requiere de estrategias flexibles y efectivas para asegurar la inclusión. El objetivo de este artículo fue proponer estrategias para la participación de estudiantes con discapacidad en las clases de Educación Física. Se revisaron 22 trabajos centrados en estrategias de inclusión para Educación Física en las bases de datos SciELO, Google Académico y Dialnet. A partir de los resultados obtenidos, se procedió a la sistematización y se diseñaron estrategias para mejorar la experiencia de aprendizaje y promover la igualdad, entre ellas las que se adaptan al currículo y actividades; las de formación y sensibilización docente; y, las de cultura inclusiva y ambiente positivo. Se concluye que la inclusión educativa es un proceso complejo que demanda cambios en actitudes, metodologías y políticas educativas.

O casamento entre teoria e prática é crucial para o ensino equitativo, e são necessárias estratégias flexíveis e eficazes para garantir a inclusão. O objetivo deste artigo foi propor estratégias para a participação de alunos com deficiência nas aulas de educação física. Vinte e dois artigos com foco em estratégias de inclusão para a Educação Física foram revisados nas bases de dados SciELO, Google Scholar e Dialnet. Com base nos resultados obtidos, foram sistematizadas e elaboradas estratégias para melhorar a experiência de aprendizagem e promover a igualdade, incluindo aquelas adaptadas ao currículo e às atividades; treinamento e conscientização dos professores; e cultura inclusiva e ambiente positivo. Conclui-se que a inclusão educacional é um processo complexo que exige mudanças de atitudes, metodologias e políticas educacionais.

The union of theory and practice is crucial for equitable teaching, and flexible and effective strategies are required to ensure inclusion. The objective of this article was to propose strategies for the participation of students with disabilities in Physical Education classes. Twenty-two works focused on inclusion strategies for Physical Education were reviewed in the SciELO, Google Academic and Dialnet databases. Based on the results obtained, the systematization was carried out and strategies were designed to improve the learning experience and promote equality, including those that adapt to the curriculum and activities; those of teacher training and awareness; and, those with an inclusive culture and positive environment. It is concluded that educational inclusion is a complex process that demands changes in attitudes, methodologies and educational policies.

A longitudinal study of risk and protective factors for symptoms of adjustment disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic caused multiple stressors that may lead to symptoms of adjustment disorder.Objective: We longitudinally examined relationships between risk and protective factors, pandemic-related stressors and symptoms of adjustment disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as whether these relationships differed by the time of assessment.Method: The European Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ESTSS) ADJUST Study included N = 15,169 participants aged 18 years and above. Participants from 11 European countries were recruited and screened three times at 6-month intervals from June 2020 to January 2022. Associations between risk and protective factors (e.g. gender), stressors (e.g. fear of infection), and symptoms of adjustment disorder (AjD, ADNM-8) and their interaction with time of assessment were examined using mixed linear regression.Results: The following predictors were significantly associated with higher AjD symptom levels: female or diverse gender; older age; pandemic-related news consumption >30 min a day; a current or previous mental health disorder; trauma exposure before or during the pandemic; a good, satisfactory or poor health status (vs. very good); burden related to governmental crisis management and communication; fear of infection; restricted social contact; work-related problems; restricted activity; and difficult housing conditions. The following predictors were associated with lower AjD levels: self-employment or retirement; working in healthcare; and face-to-face contact ≥ once a week with loved ones or friends. The effects of the following predictors on AjD symptoms differed by the time of assessment in the course of the pandemic: a current or previous mental disorder; burden related to governmental crisis management; income reduction; and a current trauma exposure.Conclusions: We identified risk factors and stressors predicting AjD symptom levels at different stages of the pandemic. For some predictors, the effects on mental health may change at different stages of a pandemic.

We longitudinally examined predictors of symptoms of adjustment disorder in 15,563 adults during the COVID-19 pandemic.We found stressors, risk, and protective factors predicting adjustment disorder symptom levels at different stages of the pandemic.For some predictors, the effects appear to change in different phases of a pandemic.

Sentido de coherencia en mujeres lactantes: una revisión de alcance / Sense of coherence in breastfeeding women: A scoping review

Fundamento. El establecimiento de la lactancia materna puede resultar una situación potencialmente estresante. El objetivo del estudio es analizar el sentido de coherencia en mujeres lactantes, establecer los recursos generales de resistencia que lo modulan, y determinar las intervenciones profesionales que lo promueven. Metodología. Se incluyeron estudios en inglés, español o portugués, que evaluaran el sentido de coherencia de las mujeres lactantes, localizados en las bases de datos PubMed, PsycINFO, ScienceDirect y CINAHL entre marzo y mayo de 2023. La calidad de los estudios y el riesgo de sesgo se evaluaron siguiendo los criterios ICROMS y STROBE. Resultados. Se identificaron 316 registros, de los que se incluyeron un total de ocho estudios, tres cualitativos y cinco cuantitativos, todos con calidad suficiente. Un alto nivel de sentido de coherencia materno se relacionó con mayor duración, autoeficacia y disfrute de la experiencia de lactancia, y mayor apego. Los principales recursos generales de resistencia fueron percibir apoyo social, especialmente de parejas, madres y personal sanitario, además de experiencia previa positiva y una actitud positiva. Las intervenciones que favorecieron el sentido de coherencia fueron las relacionadas con un apoyo profesional estrecho, empático, personalizado, integral y centrado en la familia. Conclusiones. La determinación del nivel de sentido de coherencia en madres lactantes puede ayudar a identificar a mujeres con mayor riesgo de destete temprano, y a establecer estrategias de intervención profesional que mejoren la experiencia de lactancia materna. (AU)

Background. The establishment of breastfeeding may sometimes be stressful. We aimed to analyze the sense of coherence in lactating women to determine the general resistance resources during lactation and the professional interventions that promote a high sense of coherence. Methods. A search of studies in English, Spanish, or Portuguese on lactating women's sense of coherence was carried out in PubMed, PsycINFO, ScienceDirect, and CINAH databases published between May and November 2022. Study quality and risk of bias were examined according to ICROMS and STROBE criteria. Results. We identified 316 studies, of which eight -all of adequate quality- were included, three qualitative and five quantitative. A high level of maternal sense of coherence was related to longer duration, self-efficacy, attachment, and enjoyment of the breastfeeding experience. The main general resistance resources were to receive social support, particularly from partners, mothers, and health professionals. The interventions that favored the sense of coherence were mainly those related to a close, empathic, personalized, comprehensive, and family-centered professional support. Conclusions. The detection of the level of sense of coherence in lactating mothers may help identify women with a higher risk of weaning and establish professional intervention strategies that improve the breastfeeding experience. (AU)

4 Domain Sports PROM in Spanish: Cross-cultural adaptation in the Chilean population and reliability analysis. / 4 Domain Sports PROM en español: adaptación transcultural en la población chilena y análisis de confiabilidad.

BACKGROUND: Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) are tools of increasing interest in the sports population. The purpose of this study was to perform the cross-cultural adaptation and reliability analysis of the 4 Domain Sports Patient-Reported Outcome Measure (4DSP) into Spanish. METHODS: A six-stage cross-cultural adaptation protocol was executed to obtain the Spanish version of the 4DSP (S-4DSP). Subsequently, the questionnaire was administered to a population of 108 postoperative athletes with ACL (Anterior Cruciate Ligament) injuries. The questionnaire was administered again after 30 days. Acceptability, floor and ceiling effects, internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha), and reproducibility (Intraclass Correlation) were evaluated. RESULTS: The S-4DSP was fully completed by 108 participants (mean age 34±10.75, 26% women), achieving 100% acceptability. No floor effect was detected. The statistical analysis yielded a global Cronbach's alpha for the questionnaire of 0.65, and domain-specific alphas of 0.88, 0.72, 0.27, and 0.68 for the first, second, third, and fourth domains, respectively. The Intraclass Correlation test reached a maximum of 0.94 and a minimum of 0.48 for the first and fifth questions, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The S-4DSP is a reliable and useful tool for evaluating Spanish-speaking athletes after ACL reconstruction.

Cross-Cultural Validation of the RosaQoL Scale in Spanish Language. / Validación transcultural al idioma español de la escala RosaQoL.

INTRODUCTION: Rosacea is a chronic disease negatively impacting the patients' quality of life and mental health. The Rosacea Quality of Life (RosaQoL) scale could be a useful tool to monitor patients while on therapy vs rosacea, as it measures the impact on quality of life and helps individualize treatment to meet the patients' needs. RosaQoL is a validated scale that can be completed within a few minutes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The original scale was translated and back translated by 2 native translators, with input from an expert committee when necessary. This version was tested on 21 patients to ensure proper understanding. Psychometric characteristics and validity were determined using various measures (sensitivity and specificity via ROC curve and internal consistency via Cronbach's alpha). The correlation between RosaQoL and SF-12 scales was assessed using Pearson correlation coefficients. RESULTS: A total of 531 participants responded to the scale (481 with rosacea and 50 controls). The scale demonstrated excellent sensitivity and specificity (ROC curve, 0.96; 95%CI, 0.92-0.99) and high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha, 0.96). RosaQoL correlated with SF-12. A higher score on the RosaQoL scale was associated with worse quality of life in all dimensions of the SF-12 scale. CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish version of the RosaQoL scale exhibits psychometric characteristics, which are similar to the original scale. Also, the RosaQoL scale is useful to assess the quality of life of patients with rosacea.

Humanization, Adaptation to Change, and Mental Health in Teachers in Three European Countries / Humanización, adaptación al cambio y salud mental en docentes de tres países europeos

Background: The aim of this study was to explore the relationships between humanization, adaptability to change, and mental health in European teachers (Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian teachers), as well as the relationship between humanization and mental health in teachers through the analysis of the mediating role of adaptability to change. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with teachers from three European countries (Spain, n = 263; Portugal, n = 344; and Italy, n = 287). The Healthcare Professional Humanization Scale (HUMAS), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), and the Adaptation to Change Questionnaire (ADAPTA-10) were administered. Results: In all three countries, negative associations were observed between humanization and the presence of problematic symptoms. With respect to the adaptability to change factors, humanization showed negative associations with the emotional factor and positive associations with the cognitive-behavioral factor. Comparative mean analysis revealed differences in humanization, the emotional factor of adaptability to change, and the presence of problematic symptoms. Finally, the mediation models showed the absence of a direct effect in the relationship between humanization and the presence of GHQ-28 symptomatology when it was mediated by the emotional factor (Spanish and Portuguese sample). In the Italian sample, the direct effect of humanization-GHQ-28 symptomatology was significant, with a smaller proportion of the indirect effect of the emotional factor acting as a mediator. On the other hand, when considering the cognitive-behavioral factor as a mediator, the same result was obtained for all three countries: a negative direct effect between humanization and GHQ-28 symptomatology, with no mediation by the cognitive-behavioral factor. Conclusions: The need to improve training in humanization competencies lies in the potential protective function that these competencies can have ... (AU)

Antecedentes: El objetivo del trabajo fue explorar la relación entre humanización, capacidad de adaptación al cambio y salud mental en docentes europeos (españoles, portugueses e italianos) y la relación entre humanización y salud mental en docentes mediante el análisis del rol mediador de la capacidad de adaptación al cambio. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal con docentes de tres países europeos (España, n = 263, Portugal, n = 344 e Italia, n = 287). Se administró la Healthcare Professional Humanization Scale (HUMAS), el General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) y el Cuestionario de Adaptación al Cambio (ADAPTA-10). Resultados: En los tres países se obervó una asociación negativa entre humanización y la presencia de sintomatología problemática. Con los factores de adaptación al cambio la humanización presentó una asociación negativa con el factor emocional y positiva con el cognitivo-conductual. Del análisis comparativo de medias se obtuvieron diferencias en humanización, el factor emocional de adaptación al cambio y la presencia de sintomatología problemática. Finalmente, los modelos de mediación mostraron la ausencia de un efecto directo en la relación entre humanización y la presencia de sintomatología GHQ-28 cuando esta se encontraba mediada por el factor emocional (muestra española y portuguesa). En la muestra italiana fue significativo el efecto directo de la humanización-sintomatología GHQ-28, con menor proporción del efecto indirecto del factor emocional actuando este como mediador. Por otro lado, tomando como mediador el factor cognitivo-conductual, se obtuvo el mismo resultado para los tres países: un efecto directo negativo entre la humanización y la sintomatología GHQ-28, no estando este mediado por el factor cognitivo-conductual. Conclusiones: La necesidad de mejorar la formación en competencias de humanización reside en la potencial función protectora que pueden ejercer sobre la salud mental de los docentes. (AU)

O enfermeiro recém-formado na condição de segunda vítima / El enfermero recién graduado en condición de segunda víctima / The newly graduated nurse as a second victim

Resumo Objetivo Descrever a prevalência de enfermeiros recém-formados como segundas vítimas de eventos adversos e conhecer as condições de apoio recebidas nas instituições de saúde. Métodos Estudo transversal, descritivo e de abordagem quantitativa, cuja população foi constituída por enfermeiros recém-formados, que aceitaram responder ao questionário online, com perguntas relacionadas à admissão na instituição, envolvimento em eventos adversos e gerenciamento da condição de segunda vítima, contatados por e-mail, intermediado pelo Conselho Regional de Enfermagem de São Paulo. Foi realizada a análise descritiva dos dados e teste de igualdade de proporções. Resultados A amostra final foi de 138 enfermeiros, 54,3% desconheciam o termo segunda vítima, 44,9% desconheciam a existência de protocolos institucionais para apoio emocional aos profissionais e 26,8% estiveram envolvidos em eventos adversos. Destes, 94,6% apresentaram como desfecho diante do evento o sofrimento emocional, frustração, culpa, tristeza, estresse, incapacidade, constrangimento e insegurança para realizar suas funções no trabalho; 59,5% receberam algum tipo de apoio e 21,6% receberam punição institucional. Conclusão A prevalência de enfermeiros recém-formados envolvidos em eventos adversos foi de 26,8%, e, entre os que vivenciaram esse incidente, a maioria apresentou como desfecho, sentimentos negativos e de insegurança na condução do trabalho. Após o evento, o apoio recebido partiu, na maioria das vezes, de colegas de trabalho e pessoas significativas, e, quanto ao apoio institucional, destaca-se ainda a necessidade de programas para suporte emocional, a fim de que esses profissionais superem quando se encontram na condição de segunda vítima.

Resumen Objetivo Describir la prevalencia de enfermeros recién graduados como segundas víctimas de eventos adversos y conocer las condiciones de apoyo recibidas en las instituciones de salud. Métodos Estudio transversal, descriptivo y de enfoque cuantitativo, cuya población estuvo compuesta por enfermeros recién graduados, que aceptaron responder un cuestionario digital con preguntas relacionadas con la admisión en la institución, la participación en eventos adversos y la gestión de la condición de segunda víctima, contactados por correo electrónico e intermediado por el Consejo Regional de Enfermería de São Paulo. Se realizó el análisis descriptivo de los datos y prueba de igualdad de proporciones. Resultados La muestra final fue de 138 enfermeros. El 54,3 % desconocía el término segunda víctima, el 44,9 % desconocía la existencia de protocolos institucionales para apoyo emocional a profesionales y el 26,8 % estuvo involucrado en eventos adversos. De estos, el 94,6 % presentó, como consecuencia del evento, sufrimiento emocional, frustración, culpa, tristeza, estrés, incapacidad, vergüenza e inseguridad para realizar sus funciones en el trabajo; el 59,5 % recibió algún tipo de apoyo, y el 21,6 % recibió sanción institucional. Conclusión La prevalencia de enfermeros recién graduados involucrados en eventos adversos fue del 26,8 % y, de los que pasaron por estos incidentes, la mayoría presentó, como consecuencia, sentimientos negativos y de inseguridad en la conducción de su trabajo. Después del evento, el apoyo recibido, la mayoría de las veces, surgió de compañeros de trabajo y personas importantes. Respecto al apoyo institucional, también se observa la necesidad de programas para apoyo emocional para que estos profesionales se sobrepongan cuando se encuentren en condición de segunda víctima.

Abstract Objective To describe the prevalence of newly graduated nurses as second victims of adverse events and to know the conditions of support received in health institutions. Methods Cross-sectional, descriptive, quantitative study. The population consisted of newly graduated nurses who agreed to answer the online questionnaire with questions related to being hired at the institution, involvement in adverse events and management of the second victim condition. Contacted was by email, intermediated by the Regional Nursing Council of São Paulo. Descriptive data analysis and the test of equality of proportions were performed. Results The final sample consisted of 138 nurses, 54.3% were unaware of the term 'second victim', 44.9% were unaware of the existence of institutional protocols for emotional support to professionals and 26.8% were involved in adverse events. Of these, 94.6% presented emotional distress, frustration, guilt, sadness, stress, inability, embarrassment and insecurity to perform their duties at work as an outcome of the event; 59.5% received some type of support and 21.6% received institutional punishment. Conclusion The prevalence of newly graduated nurses involved in adverse events was 26.8%, and among those who experienced this incident, the majority presented negative feelings and insecurity in performing their work as an outcome. After the event, most of the time, the support received came from work colleagues and significant others. Regarding institutional support, the need for programs for emotional support is also highlighted, so that these professionals can overcome when finding themselves in the place of the second victim.

Improving mental health following multiple disasters in Australia: a randomized controlled trial of the Skills for Life Adjustment and Resilience (SOLAR) programme.

Background: The mental health impacts of climate change-related disasters are significant. However, access to mental health services is often limited by the availability of trained clinicians. Although building local community capability for the mental health response is often prioritised in policy settings, the lack of evidence-based programs is problematic. The aim of this study was to test the efficacy of the Skills for Life Adjustment and Resilience programme (SOLAR) delivered by trained local community members following compound disasters (drought, wildfires, pandemic-related lockdowns) in Australia.Method: Thirty-six community members were trained to deliver the SOLAR programme, a skills-based, trauma informed, psychosocial programme. Sixty-six people with anxiety, depression and/or posttraumatic stress symptoms, and impairment were randomised into the SOLAR programme or a Self-Help condition. They were assessed pre, post and two months following the interventions. The SOLAR programme was delivered across five 1-hourly sessions (either face to face or virtually). Those in the Self-Help condition received weekly emails with self-help information including links to online educational videos.Results: Multigroup analyses indicated that participants in the SOLAR condition experienced significantly lower levels of anxiety and depression, and PTSD symptom severity between pre - and post-intervention (T1 to T2), relative to the Self-Help condition, while controlling for scores at intake. These differences were not statistically different at follow-up. The SOLAR programme was associated with large effect size improvements in posttraumatic stress symptoms over time.Conclusion: The SOLAR programme was effective in improving anxiety, depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms over time. However, by follow-up the size of the effect was similar to an active self-help condition. Given the ongoing stressors in the community associated with compounding disasters it may be that booster sessions would have been useful to sustain programme impact.Trial registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry identifier: ACTRN12621000283875..

We tested the efficacy of a brief, skills-based psychosocial programme under randomised controlled conditions following compound disasters.The SOLAR programme was associated with improvements in anxiety, depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms across time.The SOLAR programme may benefit from booster sessions especially where there are ongoing impacts of disaster.

Consensus Auditory Perceptual Evaluation of Voice (CAPE-V): revisión sistemática de los métodos utilizados para su adaptación y validación

Introducción: CAPE-V es ampliamente utilizado para evaluación perceptual vocal y ha sido adaptado y validado en múltiples idiomas. A través de un análisis exhaustivo, este estudio buscó avanzar en establecer un estándar en el método utilizado para su adaptación y validación. Objetivo: Revisar los artículos publicados entre 2002 y 2022 que han adaptado y validado CAPE-V a distintos idiomas, para evaluar exhaustivamente la adaptación, metodología y estadísticas utilizadas. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática utilizando Scopus, Google Scholar y PubMed para identificar artículos que adaptaran y/o validaran CAPE-V entre 2002 y 2022. Se analizó el título y resumen para preseleccionar la muestra. Para evaluar el riesgo de sesgo de los estudios incluidos se analizó de forma crítica el texto completo. Resultados: La búsqueda inicial identificó 568 artículos. Al eliminar duplicados se revisaron 559 y 23 fueron preseleccionados. 12 se incluyeron finalmente y fueron analizados, considerando adaptación, metodología y análisis estadístico. Los resultados revelan que la adaptación y validación de CAPE-V a diversos idiomas es fundamental para garantizar mediciones precisas y confiables en diferentes poblaciones. Análisis y discusión: Existe heterogeneidad en la forma de realizar la adaptación y validación de CAPE-V. No obstante, todos los estudios tuvieron éxito en producir resultados válidos, subrayando la importancia de estos procesos para la práctica clínica. Conclusiones: Las adaptaciones y validaciones de CAPE-V se realizaron heterogéneamente por ausencia de un protocolo estándar. Es necesario generar orientaciones para realizar estos procesos por el aporte de esta escala a la clínica, asegurando calidad y confiabilidad de los resultados.

Introduction: CAPE-V is widely used for vocal perceptual evaluation and has been adapted and validated in multiple languages. Through an exhaustive analysis, this study sought to advance in establishing a standard in the method used in its adaptation and validation. Objective: To review articles published between 2002 and 2022 that have adapted and validated CAPE-V in different languages, to thoroughly evaluate the adaptation, methodology, and statistics used. Methods: A systematic review was conducted using Scopus, Google Scholar and PubMed to identify articles that adapted and/or validated CAPE-V between 2002 and 2022. The title and summary were analyzed to pre-select the sample. To evaluate the risk of bias of the included studies, the full text was critically analyzed. Results: The initial search identified 568 items. When duplicates were removed, 559 were reviewed and 23 were pre-selected. 12 were finally included and analyzed considering adaptation, methodology, and statistical analysis. The results show that the adaptation and validation of CAPE-V to different languages is essential to ensure accurate and reliable measurements in different populations. Analysis and discussion: There is heterogeneity in how CAPE-V is adapted and validated. However, all studies were successful in producing valid results, underlining the importance of these processes for clinical practice. Conclusions: Adaptations and validations of CAPE-V were performed heterogeneously due to the absence of a standard protocol. It is necessary to generate guidelines to perform these processes by providing this scale to the clinic, ensuring quality and reliability of results.

Efeito da Tele-enfermagem no Processo Adaptativo de Pessoas Com Estomia Intestinal: Ensaio Clínico / Effect of Telenursing on the Adaptive Process of People With Intestinal Stoma: Clinical Trial / Efecto de la Teleenfermería en el Proceso Adaptativo de Personas Con Estomía Intestinal: Ensayo Clínico

Objetivo:Analisar o efeito da tele-enfermagem no processo adaptativo de pessoas com estomia intestinal. Método: Ensaio clínico randomizado, unicego. Aplicou-se a escala de verificação do nível de adaptação da pessoa com estomia, e formaram-se dois grupos. O grupo controle recebeu atendimento convencional com profissionais do centro de referência, e o grupo intervenção obteve o acompanhamento convencional associado à intervenção complementar via telefone (três chamadas telefônicas realizadas no 20º, 40º e 60º dia após contato inicial). Ao final da intervenção, os participantes foram avaliados novamente pela escala. O recrutamento ocorreu desde o primeiro contato e contou com uma amostra de 16 participantes no grupo intervenção e 17 no grupo controle. Resultados: Notou-se semelhança nos níveis de adaptação no baseline entre os dois grupos, entretanto dados do pós-intervenção demonstraram diferença significante dos grupos no decorrer do estudo e menores valores das médias do grupo controle comparados às medidas do grupo intervenção, indicando maior nível de adaptação no grupo intervenção. Conclusão: O estudo verificou o efeito da tele-enfermagem no processo adaptativo da pessoa com estomia e sugere benefícios no acompanhamento complementar via tele-enfermagem no nível de adaptação de pessoas com estomia de tempo ≤ 12 meses de cirurgia.

Objective: To analyze the effect of telenursing on the adaptive process of people with intestinal ostomy. Method: Randomized, single-blind clinical trial. The verification scale of the level of adaptation of the person with ostomy was applied, and two groups were formed. The control group received conventional care with professionals from the reference center, and the intervention group received conventional follow-up associated with the complementary intervention via telephone (three phone calls on the 20th, 40th and 60th day after initial contact). At the end of the intervention, the participants were evaluated again through the scale. Recruitment occurred from the first contact and had a sample of 16 participants in the intervention group and 17 in the control group. Results: There was a similarity in the levels of adaptation at baseline between the two groups. However, post-intervention data showed a significant difference between the groups during the study and lower values of the means of the control group compared to the measures of the intervention group, demonstrating a higher level of adaptation in the intervention group. Conclusion: The study verified the effect of telenursing on the adaptive process of the person with a stoma and suggests benefits in complementary monitoring via telenursing at the level of adaptation of people with a stoma after ≤ 12 months of surgery.

Objetivo:Analizar el efecto de la teleenfermería en el proceso adaptativo de personas con ostomía intestinal. Método: Ensayo clínico aleatorizado, simple ciego. Se aplicó la Escala de Verificación del Nivel de Adaptación de la Persona con Ostomía y se formaron dos grupos, el grupo control recibió atención convencional con profesionales del centro de referencia y el grupo intervención recibió seguimiento convencional asociado a la intervención complementaria vía telefónica (3 llamadas telefónicas los días 20, 40 y 60 después del contacto inicial). Al final de la intervención, los participantes fueron evaluados nuevamente mediante la escala. El reclutamiento se produjo desde el primer contacto y contó con una muestra de 16 participantes en el grupo de intervención y 17 en el grupo control. Resultados: Hubo similitud en los niveles de adaptación al inicio del estudio entre los dos grupos, sin embargo, los datos posteriores a la intervención mostraron una diferencia significativa entre los grupos durante el estudio y verificaron valores más bajos de las medias del grupo control en comparación con el medidas del grupo de intervención, demostrando un mayor nivel de adaptación en el grupo de intervención. Conclusión: El estudio verificó el efecto de la teleenfermería en el proceso adaptativo de la persona con estoma y sugiere beneficios en el seguimiento complementario a través de la teleenfermería a nivel de adaptación de la persona con estoma después de ≤ 12 meses de la cirugía

Continuidad de vínculos en hombres que experiencian duelo por un ser querido / Continuing bonds in men grieving a loved one / Manutenção de vínculos em homens em luto por um ente querido

Objetivo: examinar la continuidad de vínculos interna y externa en hombres que experiencian duelo por un ser querido. Método: estudio correlacional, descriptivo y transversal. Muestra a conveniencia de 170 hombres dolientes. Las variables fueron mediadores del duelo, continuidad de vínculos y datos sociodemográficos. Se utilizó un cuestionario en línea compuesto por mediadores de duelo, escala de continuidad de vínculos y datos sociodemográficos. Se empleó estadística descriptiva, análisis de varianza y coeficiente de Spearman. El nivel de significancia correspondió a p<0,05. Resultados: la media de edad de los participantes fue de 36,61 años (DE=13,40), y el 80,00% tenía educación superior. Los valores medios de continuidad de vínculos interna y externa fueron 24,85 (DE=7,93) y 7,68 (DE=2,33), respectivamente. Se establecieron diferencias significativas referentes a la continuidad de vínculos interna y externa entre parentesco de la persona fallecida (p<0,001), y ninguna con la causa de muerte o con el tiempo transcurrido desde el fallecimiento. No se precisaron correlaciones significativas entre continuidad de vínculos interna/externa y mediadores del duelo. Conclusión: los hombres dolientes expresan la continuidad de vínculos interna de manera frecuente y la externa en ocasiones, con diferencias respecto a quién era la persona fallecida. La Enfermería podría diseñar estrategias específicas que fortalezcan el afrontamiento del duelo en este grupo.

Objective: to examine internalized and externalized continuing bonds in men grieving a loved one. Method: a correlational, descriptive and cross-sectional study. Convenience sample comprised by 170 mourning men. The variables were mediators of mourning, continuing bonds and sociodemographic data. The instrument used was an online questionnaire comprised by mediators of mourning, a continuing bonds scale and sociodemographic data. Descriptive statistics, analysis of variance and Spearman's coefficient were used. The significance level adopted was p<0.05. Results: the participants' mean age was 36.61 years old (SD=13.40), and 80.00% had Higher Education. The mean values corresponding to internalized and externalized continuing bonds were 24.85 (SD=7.93) and 7.68 (SD=2.33), respectively. Significant differences were established referring to internalized and externalized continuing bonds in terms of kinship with the deceased person (p<0.001), and none with the cause of death or with the time elapsed since the event. No significant correlations were defined between internalized/externalized continuing bonds and mediators of mourning. Conclusion: grieving men express internalized and externalized continuing bonds frequently and occasionally, respectively, with differences according to who the deceased person was. The Nursing discipline might devise specific strategies that strengthen coping with grief in this population group.

Objetivo: examinar a manutenção de vínculos interna e externa em homens vivenciando o luto por um ser querido. Método: estudo correlacional, descritivo e de corte transversal. Amostra de conveniência de 170 homens em luto. As variáveis foram: mediadores do luto, manutenção de vínculos e dados sociodemográficos. Utilizou-se um questionário online composto por mediadores de luto, escala de manutenção de vínculos e dados sociodemográficos. Empregou-se estatística descritiva, análise de variância e coeficiente de Spearman. Nível de significância p<0,05. Resultados: os participantes tinham uma média de idade de 36,61 anos (DP=13,40) e 80,00% tinham ensino superior. A média de manutenção interna dos vínculos foi de 24,85 (DP=7,93) e a de manutenção externa foi de 7,68 (DP=2,33). Foram estabelecidas diferenças significativas para a manutenção dos vínculos internos e externos entre os parentes do falecido (p<0,001), nenhuma com a causa da morte ou o tempo decorrido desde a morte. Não foram encontradas correlações significativas entre a manutenção dos vínculos internos e externos e os mediadores do luto. Conclusão: os homens em luto expressaram a manutenção interna dos vínculos com frequência e a manutenção externa dos vínculos ocasionalmente, com diferenças a respeito de quem era a pessoa falecida. A enfermagem poderia criar estratégias específicas para fortalecer o enfrentamento do luto nesse grupo.

Coping e processo de luto em familiares e pessoas significativas de vítimas mortais de COVID-19 / Grief and coping in family members and significant others of people who died from COVID-19 / Proceso de afrontamiento y duelo en familiares y personas significativas de víctimas mortales de COVID-19

Resumo Enquadramento: As restrições impostas pela pandemia COVID-19 dificultaram a vivência dos processos de luto, contribuindo o desenvolvimento de processos patológicos de luto. Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência de luto patológico em familiares de pessoas vítimas mortais de COVID-19; Verificar se as estratégias de coping predizem o luto. Metodologia: Estudo observacional, descritivo-correlacional e transversal. A amostra não probabilística teve 86 participantes. Os dados foram explorados através de estatística descritiva e inferencial. Resultados: Cinquenta e dois familiares (60,5%) apresentaram um processo de luto complicado. A dimensão Gestão das emoções do coping está correlacionada positivamente com o luto, no global, (p = 0,29; p = 0,01), na dimensão de Negação e revolta (p = 0,35; p < 0,001) e com a dimensão Depressiva (p = 0,28; p = 0,01). Verificou-se ainda uma correlação negativa da dimensão Focada na tarefa com a dimensão específica de Negação e revolta (p = -0,24; p = 0,03). Conclusão: Os participantes apresentam uma elevada probabilidade de desenvolver processos de luto complicado, pelo que devem ser implementadas medidas de apoio psicológico.

Abstract Background: The constraints imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic hindered the experience of grief and promoted the occurrence of complicated grief. Objective: To determine the prevalence of complicated grief in family members of people who died from COVID-19; to verify whether coping strategies can predict grief. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional observational study with descriptive-correlational analysis using a non-probability sample of 86 participants. The data were explored using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Fifty-two family members (60.5%) experienced complicated grief. Emotion-oriented coping correlated positively with grief in the Global dimension (p = 0.29; p = 0.01), the Denial and anger dimension (p = 0.35; p < 0.001), and the Depressive dimension (p = 0.28; p = 0.01). Task-oriented coping correlated negatively with the Denial and anger dimension (p = -0.24; p = 0.03). Conclusion: The participants present a high probability of experiencing complicated grief. Thus, the implementation of psychological support measures is recommended.

Resumen Marco contextual: Las restricciones impuestas por la pandemia de COVID-19 dificultaron la vivencia de los procesos de duelo, lo que propició el desarrollo de procesos de duelo patológico. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia del duelo patológico en familiares de víctimas fallecidas de COVID-19. Verificar si las estrategias de afrontamiento (coping) predicen el duelo. Metodología: Estudio observacional, descriptivo-correlacional y transversal. La muestra no probabilística contó con 86 participantes. Los datos se exploraron mediante estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Resultados: cincuenta y dos familiares (60,5%) presentaron un proceso de duelo complicado. La dimensión de gestión de las emociones del afrontamiento se correlaciona positivamente con el duelo, en general, (p = 0,29; p = 0,01), con la dimensión de la Negación y la ira (p = 0,35; p < 0,001) y con la dimensión Depresiva (p = 0,28; p = 0,01). También hubo una correlación negativa de la dimensión Centrada en la tarea con la dimensión específica de la Negación y la ira (p = -0,24; p = 0,03). Conclusión: Los participantes tienen una alta probabilidad de desarrollar procesos de duelo complicados, por lo que deben aplicarse medidas de apoyo psicológico.

[Adaptation and validation of the MoVac-flu scale on motivation towards the flu vaccine]. / Adaptación y validación de la escala MoVac-flu sobre motivación hacia la vacuna de la gripe.

OBJECTIVE: To translate, adapt and validate the psychometric properties of MoVac-flu scale in order to be used in Spanish. METHOD: The present research was an analytical observational study of cross-cultural adaptation and validation into Spanish of the MoVac-flu scale. It has been carried out between the months of March and July 2022. The sample size was 142 people who were obtained by consecutive sampling. The processes used for the adaptation have been translation, validation by a committee of experts, back-translation and pilot test. For validation, the psychometric properties of reliability, internal consistency, appearance validity, content validity, utility and ceiling-floor effect have been verified. RESULTS: The internal consistency of the MoVac-flu scale in its version translated into Spanish was high, showing a McDonald's ω of 0.914. CONCLUSIONS: The MoVac-flu scale in Spanish allows to measure the degree of motivation towards vaccination against influenza in the adult population.

Adaptation to the disease, resilience and optimism in woman with breast cancer.

This research aims to determine the relationship between the variables adaptation to the disease, resilience and dispositional optimism in women with breast cancer in Montería (Colombia). This study is a descriptive-correlational type, evaluating 116 participants. The instruments applied were the Font Quality of Life Questionnaire, to assess the Index of Adaptation to Disease, Wagnild and Young's Resilience Scale (RS) and the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R). The statistical program SPSS 25.0 was used for the analysis of the data. A normality test was performed which led to the application of the Spearman correlation coefficient. Findings indicated the presence of adaptation in the participants and resilient and optimistic characteristics, however, there is no significant relationship between these variables and adaptation to the disease.

Adaptación transcultural al español de la Escala de Sensibilidad Percibida a los Medicamentos / Cross-cultural adaptation to Spanish of the Perceived Sensivity to Medicines scale

Antecedentes y objetivo Las opiniones de los pacientes sobre las acciones y efectos secundarios de los fármacos pueden evaluarse con la escala Perceived Sensivity to Medicines (PSM). El objetivo de este estudio fue traducir y adaptar la escala PSM para su uso en población española. Materiales y métodos Se realizó la traducción y adaptación cultural de la escala PSM y un pretest de la versión española con 50 pacientes atendidos en consultas externas de diferentes especialidades. Resultados No hubo dificultades en las etapas del proceso de traducción y adaptación. En la entrevista cognitiva, los participantes encontraron fácil de entender los 5 ítems (puntuación media de 3,86±0,24 sobre 4). Conclusiones Dada su brevedad, la versión española de la escala PSM constituye una herramienta de fácil aplicación tanto para propósitos de investigación como clínicos (AU)

Background and objective Patients’ views regarding the actions and side effects of medicines can be measured with the Perceived Sensitivity to Medicines (PSM) scale. The aim of this study was to translate and adapt the PSM scale for use in the Spanish population. Materials and methods The translation and cultural adaptation of the PSM scale and a pretest of the Spanish version were carried out with 50 patients receiving outpatient care in various specialties. Results There were no difficulties in the stages of the translation and adaptation process. In the cognitive interview, participants found the five items easy to understand (mean score of 3.86±0.24 out of 4). Conclusion Given its brevity, the Spanish version of the PSM scale represents an easily applicable tool for both research and clinical purposes (AU)

Prioritizing conservation efforts based on future habitat availability and accessibility under climate change.

The potential for species to shift their ranges to avoid extinction is contingent on the future availability and accessibility of habitats with analogous climates. To develop conservation strategies, many previous researchers used a single method that considered individual factors; a few combined 2 factors. Primarily, these studies focused on identifying climate refugia or climatically connected and spatially fixed areas, ignoring the range shifting process of animals. We quantified future habitat availability (based on species occurrence, climate data, land cover, and elevation) and accessibility (based on climate velocity) under climate change (4 scenarios) of migratory birds across the Yangtze River basin (YRB). Then, we assessed species' range-shift potential and identified conservation priority areas for migratory birds in the 2050s with a network analysis. Our results suggested that medium (i.e., 5-10 km/year) and high (i.e., ≥ 10 km/year) climate velocity would threaten 18.65% and 8.37% of stable habitat, respectively. Even with low (i.e., 0-5 km/year) climate velocity, 50.15% of climate-velocity-identified destinations were less available than their source habitats. Based on our integration of habitat availability and accessibility, we identified a few areas of critical importance for conservation, mainly in Sichuan and the middle to lower reaches of the YRB. Overall, we identified the differences between habitat availability and accessibility in capturing biological responses to climate change. More importantly, we accounted for the dynamic process of species' range shifts, which must be considered to identify conservation priority areas. Our method informs forecasting of climate-driven distribution shifts and conservation priorities.

Priorizar los esfuerzos de conservación en función de la disponibilidad y accesibilidad futura de hábitats ante el cambio climático Resumen El potencial de las especies para desplazar sus rangos y evitar la extinción depende de la disponibilidad y accesibilidad futura de hábitats con climas análogos. Para desarrollar estrategias de conservación, muchos investigadores anteriores utilizaron un solo método que consideraba factores individuales; algunos combinaron 2 factores. Principalmente, estos estudios se centraron en identificar refugios climáticos o áreas climáticamente conectadas y espacialmente fijas, ignorando el proceso de desplazamiento de rangos de los animales. Cuantificamos la disponibilidad futura de hábitats (basada en la presencia de especies, datos climáticos, cobertura terrestre y elevación) y la accesibilidad (basada en la velocidad climática) bajo el cambio climático (4 escenarios) de aves migratorias en la cuenca del río Yangtsé (YRB). Luego, evaluamos el potencial de desplazamiento de rangos de las especies e identificamos áreas prioritarias de conservación para las aves migratorias en la década de 2050 mediante un análisis de redes. Nuestros resultados sugieren que una velocidad climática media (es decir, 5−10 km/año) y alta (es decir, ≥ 10 km/año) amenazarían el 18.65% y el 8.37% del hábitat estable, respectivamente. Incluso con una velocidad climática baja (es decir, 0−5 km/año), el 50.15% de los destinos identificados por la velocidad climática eran menos disponibles que sus hábitats de origen. Basándonos en nuestra integración de la disponibilidad y accesibilidad de hábitats, identificamos algunas áreas de importancia crítica para la conservación, principalmente en Sichuan y en las partes media e inferior del YRB. En general, identificamos las diferencias entre la disponibilidad y accesibilidad de hábitats en la captura de respuestas biológicas al cambio climático. Más importante aún, tuvimos en cuenta el proceso dinámico de los desplazamientos de rangos de especies, lo cual debe considerarse para identificar áreas prioritarias de conservación. Nuestro método contribuye a la predicción de cambios en la distribución impulsados por el clima y las prioridades de conservación.

Translation into Spanish and validation of the Tinnitus Functional Index (TFI) / Traducción y validación al español del índice funcional para el tinnitus (IFT)

Objective The objectives of this study were to translate into Spanish, cross-culturally adapt and validate the TFI. Materials and Methods The TFI questionnaire translated into Spanish (Sp-TFI) and cross-culturally adapted following the published guidelines on cross-cultural adaptation of health questionnaires was evaluated using two indicators. Its internal consistency was assessed with Cronbach’s α considering the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) as the gold standard. Further, its test-retest reliability was assessed with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). ICCs were also calculated for the THI and visual analogue scales (VAS) for tinnitus tested and retested in all participants. Results The mean age of the 18 participants was 45.77 (SD: 11.87) years; 12 were female (66.67 %) and 6 were male (33.33%). Half of the participants experienced tinnitus in their left ear and half in their right. The mean pure-tone average (PTA) in the affected ear was 29.34 (SD: 8.08) dB-HL. Regarding internal consistency and reliability of the Sp-TFI respectively, Cronbach’s α was 0.83 and the ICC type (2,1) was 1 (CI: 0.99–1). Among the variables studied, we found the following independent predictors had statistically significant effects on THI score: sex (p < 0.01), PTA (p = 0.03), overall Sp-TFI score (p = 0.02) and Sp-TFI SL, R and A subscale scores (p = 0.03, p = 0.03, and p < 0.01, respectively). Conclusion Based on the internal consistency and reliability results obtained in this study, the cross-culturally adapted Spanish version of the TFI (Sp-TFI) has been validated for use in Spain. Level of evidence 2B: Individual cohort study/low-quality randomized control studies. (AU)

Objetivos Los objetivos del estudio fueron traducir al español, adaptar culturalmente y validar el IFT. Materiales y métodos El cuestionario del IFT traducido al castellano (C-IFT) y la adaptación cultural, se realizó mediante las guías publicadas para la adaptación cultural en los cuestionarios para la salud. La consistencia interna fue evaluada mediante el alfa de Cronbach’s considerando el cuestionario de incapacidad provocada por el tinnitus (THI) cómo el cuestionario de referencia. Además, la fiabilidad test-retest se evaluó mediante los coeficientes de correlación intraclase (ICC). También se calcularon los ICC para el THI y las escalas analógicas visuales (VAS) para el tinnitus probado y reevaluado en todos los participantes. Resultados La edad media de los 18 participantes fue de 45,77 (DE: 11,87) años; 12 eran mujeres (66,67 %) y 6 eran hombres (33,33 %). La mitad de los participantes experimentaron tinnitus en el oído izquierdo y la otra mitad en el derecho. El promedio de tonos puros (PTA) en el oído afectado fue de 29,34 (DE: 8,08) dB-HL. En cuanto a la consistencia interna y la fiabilidad del C-IFT, respectivamente, el α de Cronbach fue de 0,83 y el ICC (2,1) fue de 1 (IC: 0,99-1). Entre las variables estudiadas, encontramos que los siguientes predictores independientes tuvieron efectos estadísticamente significativos en la puntuación de THI: sexo (p < 0,01), PTA (p = 0,03), puntuación general de C-IFT (p = 0,02) y C-IFT SL, R y las puntuaciones de la subescala A (p = 0,03, p = 0,03 y p < 0,01, respectivamente). Conclusión En base a los resultados de la consistencia interna y fiabilidad obtenidos en este estudio, la versión española adaptada transculturalmente del IFT (C-IFT) ha sido validada para su uso en España. (AU)

Adaptación a la vida universitaria de estudiantes indígenas de comunas rurales del Norte Grande de Chile. Un estudio cualitativo / The adaptation to university life of indigenous students from rural communities in the Norte Grande of Chile. A qualitative study

Introducción: La adaptación a la vida universitaria es un proceso multidimensional en el que se llevan a cabo conjuntamente diversas transiciones y desafíos a los que se enfrenta el estudiante. Las medidas de inducción adoptadas por las universidades se centran en un perfil generalizado del estudiantado y dejan fuera los aspectos particulares, como es el caso de los indígenas de zonas rurales. Objetivo: Analizar los factores asociados a la adaptación a la vida universitaria desde la perspectiva del estudiante indígena de comunas rurales del Norte Grande de Chile. Sujetos y métodos: La metodología de este estudio es cualitativa mediante la teoría fundamentada. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a siete participantes estudiantes indígenas de pregrado y se presentan los resultados relacionales hasta la etapa de codificación axial. Resultados: Los resultados muestran factores condicionantes, como el cambio cultural, la separación familiar y las demandas académicas; y factores de éxito en la adaptación y el apoyo social, y en mejoras de las estrategias de aprendizaje y comunicativas, y estos dos elementos son esenciales para generar una sensación de superación. Conclusión: Los estudiantes que se adaptan exitosamente al ambiente educativo universitario integran un círculo social en el que pueden transmitir ideas e inquietudes; en el contexto académico aprenden y colaboran con el resto; y en un ambiente social descubren y conocen la vida urbana.(AU)

Introduction: The adaptation to university life is a multidimensional process in which various transitions and challenges are collectively undertaken by the students. The induction measures adopted by universities focus on a generalized profile of the student body, leaving out particular aspects such as indigenous students from rural areas. Aim: To analyze the factors associated with adaptation to university life from the perspective of indigenous students from rural communities in the Northern region of Chile. Subjects and methods: This study is qualitative, using Grounded Theory, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven indigenous undergraduate participants. The relational results up to the axial coding stage are presented. Results: The results show conditioning factors such as cultural change, separation from family, and academic demands. Success factors in adaptation include social support in improving learning and communication strategies, which are two essential elements for generating a sense of achievement. Conclusion: A student who successfully adapts to the university educational environment integrates into a social circle where they can convey ideas and concerns, learns and collaborates with others in an academic context, and discovers and learns about urban life in a social environment.(AU)

[Cross-cultural adaptation to Spanish of the Perceived Sensitivity to Medicines scale]. / Adaptación transcultural al español de la Escala de Sensibilidad Percibida a los Medicamentos.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Patients' views regarding the actions and side effects of medicines can be measured with the Perceived Sensitivity to Medicines (PSM) scale. The aim of this study was to translate and adapt the PSM scale for use in the Spanish population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The translation and cultural adaptation of the PSM scale and a pretest of the Spanish version were carried out with 50 patients receiving outpatient care in various specialties. RESULTS: There were no difficulties in the stages of the translation and adaptation process. In the cognitive interview, participants found the five items easy to understand (mean score of 3.86±0.24 out of 4). CONCLUSION: Given its brevity, the Spanish version of the PSM scale represents an easily applicable tool for both research and clinical purposes.